NANOROBOTS & ITS BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS USING NANOTECHNOLOGY

                              

NANOROBOTS & ITS BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS USING NANOTECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT

Biomedical sciences being a life and dynamic subject continuously explores new frontiers, though I must confess that it is very slow in incorporating this findings into every day practice. The reasons for the slow incorporation ~of new development into medicine are basically three. As a subject dealing with humans, experimentations are strictly controlled by ethical, moral and religious guidelines and respect for human life. The second reason is that training in medicine being through apprenticeship; young graduates guard jealously what they’ve learnt from the masters” and rarely deviate from the norms set by the masters to avoid critics and back lash from the masters. Thirdly it takes years of trial from animal to human subjects before it certified free from dangers.

The fears of side effect and adverse out of new drugs are exemplified by the thousands of babies born with phocomelia following the use of thalidomide.

Because of above reasons experimental medicine is almost light years ahead of clinical practice.

Keywords: Biomedical computing, control systems,

Coronary steno sis, mobile robots, nano medicine, nanorobots,nanotechnology.

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CONCLUSION

All of these current developments in technology directs humans a step closer to nanorobots and simple, operating nanorobots is the near future. Nanorobots can theoretically destroy all common diseases of the 2lstcenturythereby ending much of the pain and suffering. It can also have (alternative, practical uses such as improved mouthwash and cosmetic creams that can expand the commercial market in biomedical engineering. People can envision a future where people can self-diagnose their ‘own ailments with the help of nanorobot monitors in their bloodstream. Simple everyday illnesses can be cured without ever visiting the physician. lnvasivesurgery will be replaced by an operation carried out by nano-surgical robots. Although research into nanorobots is in its preliminary stages, the promise of such technology is endless.

RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

                              

RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY

ABSTRACT

This paper deals with the renewable source of energy. To meet the daily needs we are depending upon fossil fuels. Fossil fuel resources are used up rapidly without any chance for their bringing back to initial state. In a sharp contrast, burning of fossil fuels in cars and factories has a great affect on atmosphere. Air pollution results to so call greenhouse effect. Gases like carbon dioxide are emitted from burning this sort of fuels. The global temperature is  rising sharply due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This rise in temperature is creating change in the world's climate which will have enormous consequences for people and the planet. The new results underline the urgency of bringing global CO2 emissions under control. Earth is losing its restorative capacity to absorb CO2 emissions in the face of the massive increases in emissions over the last half century. The longer we delay reducing emissions, the most restorative capacity will be lost.

The best alternative for these problems is using renewable source of energy. The need for using renewable source of energy is to alleviate the problems of global warming and climate change. In this paper some of the renewable sources like biomass, solar, geothermal, wind, water energy  are discussed  and the reason for not using the renewable source of energy for all purposes. The main aim of this paper is to get transition from petroleum-based energy systems to one based on renewable resources to decrease reliance on depleting reserves of fossil fuels and to mitigate climate change. This paper throws light on modern renewable energy techniques like getting energy from algae biofuels, energy from hydrogen producing bacteria, artificial trees to harness solar and wind energy, energy from solar road ways, solar energy from butterfly wings, running a car on wind energy, clean energy from flowing waters etc.

INTRODUCTION: 

In the past century, it has been seen that the consumption of non-renewable sources of energy has caused more environmental damage than any other human activity. Electricity generated from fossil fuels such as coal and crude oil has led to high concentrations of harmful gases in the atmosphere. This has in turn led to many problems being faced today such as ozone depletion and global warming. Vehicular pollution has also been a major problem. Therefore, alternative sources of energy have become very important and relevant to today’s world. These sources, such as the sun and wind, can never be exhausted and therefore are called renewable. They cause less emissions and are available locally. Their use can, to a large extent, reduce chemical, radioactive, and thermal pollution. They stand out as a viable source of clean and limitless energy. These are also known as non-conventional sources of energy. Most of the renewable sources of energy are fairly non-polluting and considered clean though biomass, a renewable source, is a major polluter indoors.Under the category of renewable energy or non-conventional energy are such sources as the sun, biofuels, hydroelectric energy, tidal, wind energy etc.

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CONCLUSION:

Renewable energy is proven technology, the price is dropping, the rest of the world is going that way, that's where our investment should be going as well. We need to push ourselves to make as many reductions as possible in our own energy use first.. and that takes time. But we must do this quickly as the climate will not wait for us. So there is an urgent need for transition from petroleum-based energy systems to one based on renewable resources to decrease reliance on depleting reserves of fossil fuels and to mitigate climate change. In addition, renewable energy has the potential to create many employment opportunities at all levels, especially in rural areas. An emphasis on presenting the real picture of massive renewable energy potential, it would be possible to attract foreign investments to herald a Green Energy Revolution in India.

                              

HVDC TRANSMISSION USING VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTERS

ABSTRACT

Rapid developments in the field of power electronic devices with turn off capability like insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) and gate turn off transistors (GTO), makes the voltage source converters (VSC) getting more and more attractive for High voltage direct current transmission (HVDC).This new innovative technology provides substantial technical and economical advantages for direct applications compared to conventional HVDC transmission systems based on thyristor technology. VSC Application for HVDC systems of high power rating (up to 200MW) which are currently in discussion for several projects are mentioned. The underlying technology of VSC based HVDC systems, its Characteristics and the working principle of VSC based HVDC system are also presented. This paper concludes with a brief set of guidelines for choosing VSC based HVDC systems in today’s electricity system development.

INTRODUCTION

            The development of power semiconductors, especially IGBT's has led to the small power HVDC transmission based on Voltage Source Converters (VSCs). The VSC based HVDC installations has several advantages compared to conventional HVDC such as, independent control of active and reactive power, dynamic voltage support at the converter bus for enhancing stability possibility to feed to weak AC systems or even passive loads, reversal of power without changing the polarity of dc voltage (advantageous in multi terminal dc systems) and no requirement of fast communication between the two converter stations .Each converter station is composed of a VSC. The amplitude and phase angle of the converter AC output voltage can be controlled simultaneously to achieve rapid, independent control of active and reactive power in all four quadrants. The control of both active and reactive power is bi-directional and continuous across the operating range. For active power balance, one of the converters operates on dc voltage control and other converter on active power control. When dc line power is zero, the two converters can function as independent STATCOMs. Each VSC has a minimum of three controllers for regulating active and reactive power outputs of individual VSC.

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CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, we have presented the analysis of High voltage DC transmission using VSC, the number of advantages associated with implementing VSC-based designs for HVDC applications that result in systems with high reliability and superior operating performance; these benefits including economic, environmental or technical aspects. Of particular note today is the ability to control power flow and prevent propagation of severe disturbances, thus limiting blackout extension. This ability to maintain in dependence of interconnected networks can be of prime importance when the two systems have different regulatory procedures, notably if two counties, and also technically if the load frequency control regimes are not compatible .These properties are further enhanced by using HVDC Light which gives independent control of reactive power at both stations, in addition to active power flow control.

ATM ENERGYSAVER USING PLC

ABSTRACT:

This paper is going be dealt with saving the electrical energy by some innovative concepts. One of the major issues around the world today is the optimistic generation and consumption of electrical energy using the available resources. Regarding the technological  themes of generating the energies through both conventional & Non conventional. We are gifted with sufficient concepts for production of energy in both resources. There are some unavoidable disadvantages. Thus the concept of installation of the set up, it taken in account. Most of the companies are hesitating to consider the projects. Also there exist some disadvantages in the projects in the modern equipments were are using currently, happing it is highly convenient for us. These includes ATM machine that been used by the society,FAN in domestic use,like office,home,& electric motors in compressors in industries etc.,But the energy loss by these machineries can be reduced b making some simple lifestyle changes. By these changes we can not only save the energy & money But also avoid the major environmental issue the global warming,as the emission of CO2 by power plants that are given load for power generation.

INTRODUCTION:

A brain-computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a direct neural interface or a brain-machine interface, is a direct communication pathway between a human or animal brain and an external device. In this definition, the word brain means the brain or nervous system of an organic life form rather than the mind. Computer means any processing or computational device, from simple circuits to the complex microprocessors and microcontrollers.

An interesting question for the development of a BCI is how to handle two learning systems: The machine should learn to discriminate between different patterns of brain activity as accurate as possible and the user of the BCI should learn to perform different mental tasks in order to produce distinct brain signals. BCI research makes high demands on the system and software used. Parameter extraction, pattern recognition and classification are the main tasks to be performed in a brain signals. In this paper it is assumed that the user of this system has one leg which is functioning fully and the system is designed accordingly. This system can be extended for both the legs and it is not limited to the basic operation of human legs such as walking, running, climbing stairs etc. It can also perform operations like cycling, hopping etc 

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CONCLUSION:

            So for we have discussed some of the innovative concepts to save energy. These concepts not only save energy but also leads to avoid global warming by saving energy. Thus enhances environmental resources successfully.